Fig 2: Nomogram of the BPS/IC diagnostic prediction model for netrin-1 combined with clinical parameters. Note: For three variable axes (age, CD3 + CD4 + T lymphocyte ratio, and netrin-1 level), the corresponding points on the axes correspond to different scores. The scores of each predictive variable are summed to obtain a total score. Different total scores correspond to different probabilities of BPS/IC prevalence

Fig 3: ROC for the diagnosis of BPS/IC with the nomogram model for single netrin-1 and netrin-1 combined with other clinical parameters. Note: The two curved diagonal lines in the figure represent two different clinical diagnostic models (see legend label). Netrin-1 alone diagnosed BPS/IC with an AUC at ROC of 0.858 (95% CI: 0.788–0.929, P < 0.001) and the nomogram model with netrin-1 combined with other clinical parameters had an AUC of the ROC of 0.884 (95% CI: 0.821–0.946, P < 0.001). 95% CI: 0.821–0.946, P < 0.001). The diagnostic efficacy of the nomogram model with netrin-1 combined with other clinical parameters was slightly better than that of netrin-1 alone

Fig 4: The relationship between serum Netrin-1 concentrations and trauma severity. (a) Comparisons of serum Netrin-1 concentrations in patients with different Glasgow Coma Scale scores. (b) Differences in terms of serum Netrin-1 concentrations between critical TBI group (GCS 3–5 points) and severe TBI group (GCS 6–8 points). (c) Comparisons of serum Netrin-1 concentrations across Rotterdam computed tomography classification.

Fig 5: A Violin plot of plasma netrin-1 levels in the BPS/IC and control groups. Plasma netrin-1 levels in the BPS/IC group were significantly higher than those in the control group, P < 0.001. B Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of various clinical parameters for BPS/IC, in which netrin-1 and CD3 + CD4 + T lymphocyte ratio had good diagnostic efficacy, while age, BMI, CRP, and NLR had relatively poor diagnostic value